worker_threads
The node:worker_threads module enables the use of threads that execute
JavaScript in parallel. To access it:
import worker from 'node:worker_threads';
Workers (threads) are useful for performing CPU-intensive JavaScript operations. They do not help much with I/O-intensive work. The Node.js built-in asynchronous I/O operations are more efficient than Workers can be.
Unlike child_process or cluster, worker_threads can share memory. They do
so by transferring ArrayBuffer instances or sharing SharedArrayBuffer instances.
import {
Worker, isMainThread, parentPort, workerData,
} from 'node:worker_threads';
import { parse } from 'some-js-parsing-library';
if (isMainThread) {
module.exports = function parseJSAsync(script) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const worker = new Worker(__filename, {
workerData: script,
});
worker.on('message', resolve);
worker.on('error', reject);
worker.on('exit', (code) => {
if (code !== 0)
reject(new Error(`Worker stopped with exit code ${code}`));
});
});
};
} else {
const script = workerData;
parentPort.postMessage(parse(script));
}
The above example spawns a Worker thread for each parseJSAsync() call. In
practice, use a pool of Workers for these kinds of tasks. Otherwise, the
overhead of creating Workers would likely exceed their benefit.
When implementing a worker pool, use the AsyncResource API to inform
diagnostic tools (e.g. to provide asynchronous stack traces) about the
correlation between tasks and their outcomes. See "Using AsyncResource for a Worker thread pool" in the async_hooks documentation for an example implementation.
Worker threads inherit non-process-specific options by default. Refer to Worker constructor options to know how to customize worker thread options,
specifically argv and execArgv options.
Usage in Deno
import * as mod from "node:worker_threads";
Classes
Instances of the worker.MessageChannel class represent an asynchronous,
two-way communications channel.
The MessageChannel has no methods of its own. new MessageChannel() yields an object with port1 and port2 properties, which refer to linked MessagePort instances.
Instances of the worker.MessagePort class represent one end of an
asynchronous, two-way communications channel. It can be used to transfer
structured data, memory regions and other MessagePorts between different Workers.
Functions
Within a worker thread, worker.getEnvironmentData() returns a clone
of data passed to the spawning thread's worker.setEnvironmentData().
Every new Worker receives its own copy of the environment data
automatically.
Mark an object as not cloneable. If object is used as message in
a port.postMessage() call, an error is thrown. This is a no-op if object is a
primitive value.
The worker.setEnvironmentData() API sets the content of worker.getEnvironmentData() in the current thread and all new Worker instances spawned from the current context.
Interfaces
Instances of BroadcastChannel allow asynchronous one-to-many communication
with all other BroadcastChannel instances bound to the same channel name.
Type Aliases
Variables
class MessageChannel
Usage in Deno
import { MessageChannel } from "node:worker_threads";
Instances of the worker.MessageChannel class represent an asynchronous,
two-way communications channel.
The MessageChannel has no methods of its own. new MessageChannel() yields an object with port1 and port2 properties, which refer to linked MessagePort instances.
import { MessageChannel } from 'node:worker_threads';
const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel();
port1.on('message', (message) => console.log('received', message));
port2.postMessage({ foo: 'bar' });
// Prints: received { foo: 'bar' } from the `port1.on('message')` listener
Properties #
#port1: MessagePort #port2: MessagePort variable MessageChannel
MessageChannel class is a global reference for import { MessageChannel } from 'worker_threads'
https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#messagechannel
Type #
globalThis extends { onmessage: any; MessageChannel: infer T; } ? T : _MessageChannel class MessagePort
Usage in Deno
import { MessagePort } from "node:worker_threads";
Instances of the worker.MessagePort class represent one end of an
asynchronous, two-way communications channel. It can be used to transfer
structured data, memory regions and other MessagePorts between different Workers.
This implementation matches browser MessagePort s.
Properties #
#addEventListener: EventTarget["addEventListener"] #dispatchEvent: EventTarget["dispatchEvent"] #removeEventListener: EventTarget["removeEventListener"] Methods #
#addListener(event: "close",listener: () => void,): this #addListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #addListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #addListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this Disables further sending of messages on either side of the connection.
This method can be called when no further communication will happen over this MessagePort.
The 'close' event is emitted on both MessagePort instances that
are part of the channel.
#postMessage(value: any,transferList?: readonly TransferListItem[],): void Sends a JavaScript value to the receiving side of this channel. value is transferred in a way which is compatible with
the HTML structured clone algorithm.
In particular, the significant differences to JSON are:
valuemay contain circular references.valuemay contain instances of builtin JS types such asRegExps,BigInts,Maps,Sets, etc.valuemay contain typed arrays, both usingArrayBuffers andSharedArrayBuffers.valuemay containWebAssembly.Moduleinstances.valuemay not contain native (C++-backed) objects other than:
import { MessageChannel } from 'node:worker_threads';
const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel();
port1.on('message', (message) => console.log(message));
const circularData = {};
circularData.foo = circularData;
// Prints: { foo: [Circular] }
port2.postMessage(circularData);
transferList may be a list of ArrayBuffer, MessagePort, and FileHandle objects.
After transferring, they are not usable on the sending side of the channel
anymore (even if they are not contained in value). Unlike with child processes, transferring handles such as network sockets is currently
not supported.
If value contains SharedArrayBuffer instances, those are accessible
from either thread. They cannot be listed in transferList.
value may still contain ArrayBuffer instances that are not in transferList; in that case, the underlying memory is copied rather than moved.
import { MessageChannel } from 'node:worker_threads';
const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel();
port1.on('message', (message) => console.log(message));
const uint8Array = new Uint8Array([ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]);
// This posts a copy of `uint8Array`:
port2.postMessage(uint8Array);
// This does not copy data, but renders `uint8Array` unusable:
port2.postMessage(uint8Array, [ uint8Array.buffer ]);
// The memory for the `sharedUint8Array` is accessible from both the
// original and the copy received by `.on('message')`:
const sharedUint8Array = new Uint8Array(new SharedArrayBuffer(4));
port2.postMessage(sharedUint8Array);
// This transfers a freshly created message port to the receiver.
// This can be used, for example, to create communication channels between
// multiple `Worker` threads that are children of the same parent thread.
const otherChannel = new MessageChannel();
port2.postMessage({ port: otherChannel.port1 }, [ otherChannel.port1 ]);
The message object is cloned immediately, and can be modified after posting without having side effects.
For more information on the serialization and deserialization mechanisms
behind this API, see the serialization API of the node:v8 module.
#prependListener(event: "close",listener: () => void,): this #prependListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #prependListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #prependListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "close",listener: () => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this Opposite of unref(). Calling ref() on a previously unref()ed port does not let the program exit if it's the only active handle left (the default
behavior). If the port is ref()ed, calling ref() again has no effect.
If listeners are attached or removed using .on('message'), the port
is ref()ed and unref()ed automatically depending on whether
listeners for the event exist.
#removeListener(event: "close",listener: () => void,): this #removeListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #removeListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #removeListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this Starts receiving messages on this MessagePort. When using this port
as an event emitter, this is called automatically once 'message' listeners are attached.
This method exists for parity with the Web MessagePort API. In Node.js,
it is only useful for ignoring messages when no event listener is present.
Node.js also diverges in its handling of .onmessage. Setting it
automatically calls .start(), but unsetting it lets messages queue up
until a new handler is set or the port is discarded.
Calling unref() on a port allows the thread to exit if this is the only
active handle in the event system. If the port is already unref()ed calling unref() again has no effect.
If listeners are attached or removed using .on('message'), the port is ref()ed and unref()ed automatically depending on whether
listeners for the event exist.
variable MessagePort
MessagePort class is a global reference for import { MessagePort } from 'worker_threads'
https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#messageport
Type #
globalThis extends { onmessage: any; MessagePort: infer T; } ? T : _MessagePort class Worker
Usage in Deno
import { Worker } from "node:worker_threads";
The getHeapSnapshot method is not supported.
The Worker class represents an independent JavaScript execution thread.
Most Node.js APIs are available inside of it.
Notable differences inside a Worker environment are:
- The
process.stdin,process.stdout, andprocess.stderrstreams may be redirected by the parent thread. - The
import { isMainThread } from 'node:worker_threads'variable is set tofalse. - The
import { parentPort } from 'node:worker_threads'message port is available. process.exit()does not stop the whole program, just the single thread, andprocess.abort()is not available.process.chdir()andprocessmethods that set group or user ids are not available.process.envis a copy of the parent thread's environment variables, unless otherwise specified. Changes to one copy are not visible in other threads, and are not visible to native add-ons (unlessworker.SHARE_ENVis passed as theenvoption to theWorkerconstructor). On Windows, unlike the main thread, a copy of the environment variables operates in a case-sensitive manner.process.titlecannot be modified.- Signals are not delivered through
process.on('...'). - Execution may stop at any point as a result of
worker.terminate()being invoked. - IPC channels from parent processes are not accessible.
- The
trace_eventsmodule is not supported. - Native add-ons can only be loaded from multiple threads if they fulfill
certain conditions.
Creating Worker instances inside of other Workers is possible.
Like Web Workers and the node:cluster module, two-way communication
can be achieved through inter-thread message passing. Internally, a Worker has
a built-in pair of MessagePort s that are already associated with each
other when the Worker is created. While the MessagePort object on the parent
side is not directly exposed, its functionalities are exposed through worker.postMessage() and the worker.on('message') event
on the Worker object for the parent thread.
To create custom messaging channels (which is encouraged over using the default
global channel because it facilitates separation of concerns), users can create
a MessageChannel object on either thread and pass one of theMessagePorts on that MessageChannel to the other thread through a
pre-existing channel, such as the global one.
See port.postMessage() for more information on how messages are passed,
and what kind of JavaScript values can be successfully transported through
the thread barrier.
import assert from 'node:assert';
import {
Worker, MessageChannel, MessagePort, isMainThread, parentPort,
} from 'node:worker_threads';
if (isMainThread) {
const worker = new Worker(__filename);
const subChannel = new MessageChannel();
worker.postMessage({ hereIsYourPort: subChannel.port1 }, [subChannel.port1]);
subChannel.port2.on('message', (value) => {
console.log('received:', value);
});
} else {
parentPort.once('message', (value) => {
assert(value.hereIsYourPort instanceof MessagePort);
value.hereIsYourPort.postMessage('the worker is sending this');
value.hereIsYourPort.close();
});
}
Constructors #
#Worker(filename: string | URL,options?: WorkerOptions,) Properties #
#performance: WorkerPerformance An object that can be used to query performance information from a worker
instance. Similar to perf_hooks.performance.
#resourceLimits: ResourceLimits | undefined Provides the set of JS engine resource constraints for this Worker thread.
If the resourceLimits option was passed to the Worker constructor,
this matches its values.
If the worker has stopped, the return value is an empty object.
This is a readable stream which contains data written to process.stderr inside the worker thread. If stderr: true was not passed to the Worker constructor, then data is piped to the
parent thread's process.stderr stream.
If stdin: true was passed to the Worker constructor, this is a
writable stream. The data written to this stream will be made available in
the worker thread as process.stdin.
This is a readable stream which contains data written to process.stdout inside the worker thread. If stdout: true was not passed to the Worker constructor, then data is piped to the
parent thread's process.stdout stream.
Methods #
#addListener(event: "error",listener: (err: Error) => void,): this #addListener(event: "exit",listener: (exitCode: number) => void,): this #addListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #addListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #addListener(event: "online",listener: () => void,): this #addListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this #getHeapSnapshot(): Promise<Readable> Returns a readable stream for a V8 snapshot of the current state of the Worker.
See v8.getHeapSnapshot() for more details.
If the Worker thread is no longer running, which may occur before the 'exit' event is emitted, the returned Promise is rejected
immediately with an ERR_WORKER_NOT_RUNNING error.
#postMessage(value: any,transferList?: readonly TransferListItem[],): void Send a message to the worker that is received via require('node:worker_threads').parentPort.on('message').
See port.postMessage() for more details.
#postMessageToThread(threadId: number,value: any,timeout?: number,): Promise<void> Sends a value to another worker, identified by its thread ID.
#postMessageToThread(): Promise<void> #prependListener(event: "error",listener: (err: Error) => void,): this #prependListener(event: "exit",listener: (exitCode: number) => void,): this #prependListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #prependListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #prependListener(event: "online",listener: () => void,): this #prependListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "error",listener: (err: Error) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "exit",listener: (exitCode: number) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: "online",listener: () => void,): this #prependOnceListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this Opposite of unref(), calling ref() on a previously unref()ed worker does not let the program exit if it's the only active handle left (the default
behavior). If the worker is ref()ed, calling ref() again has
no effect.
#removeListener(event: "error",listener: (err: Error) => void,): this #removeListener(event: "exit",listener: (exitCode: number) => void,): this #removeListener(event: "message",listener: (value: any) => void,): this #removeListener(event: "messageerror",listener: (error: Error) => void,): this #removeListener(event: "online",listener: () => void,): this #removeListener(event: string | symbol,listener: (...args: any[]) => void,): this Stop all JavaScript execution in the worker thread as soon as possible.
Returns a Promise for the exit code that is fulfilled when the 'exit' event is emitted.
function getEnvironmentData
Usage in Deno
import { getEnvironmentData } from "node:worker_threads";
#getEnvironmentData(key: Serializable): SerializableWithin a worker thread, worker.getEnvironmentData() returns a clone
of data passed to the spawning thread's worker.setEnvironmentData().
Every new Worker receives its own copy of the environment data
automatically.
import {
Worker,
isMainThread,
setEnvironmentData,
getEnvironmentData,
} from 'node:worker_threads';
if (isMainThread) {
setEnvironmentData('Hello', 'World!');
const worker = new Worker(__filename);
} else {
console.log(getEnvironmentData('Hello')); // Prints 'World!'.
}
Parameters #
#key: Serializable Any arbitrary, cloneable JavaScript value that can be used as a {Map} key.
Return Type #
function isMarkedAsUntransferable
Usage in Deno
import { isMarkedAsUntransferable } from "node:worker_threads";
#isMarkedAsUntransferable(object: object): booleanCheck if an object is marked as not transferable with markAsUntransferable.
Parameters #
#object: object Return Type #
boolean function markAsUncloneable
Usage in Deno
import { markAsUncloneable } from "node:worker_threads";
#markAsUncloneable(object: object): voidMark an object as not cloneable. If object is used as message in
a port.postMessage() call, an error is thrown. This is a no-op if object is a
primitive value.
This has no effect on ArrayBuffer, or any Buffer like objects.
This operation cannot be undone.
const { markAsUncloneable } = require('node:worker_threads');
const anyObject = { foo: 'bar' };
markAsUncloneable(anyObject);
const { port1 } = new MessageChannel();
try {
// This will throw an error, because anyObject is not cloneable.
port1.postMessage(anyObject)
} catch (error) {
// error.name === 'DataCloneError'
}
There is no equivalent to this API in browsers.
Parameters #
#object: object Return Type #
void function markAsUntransferable
Usage in Deno
import { markAsUntransferable } from "node:worker_threads";
#markAsUntransferable(object: object): void
This symbol is not supported.
Mark an object as not transferable. If object occurs in the transfer list of
a port.postMessage() call, it is ignored.
In particular, this makes sense for objects that can be cloned, rather than
transferred, and which are used by other objects on the sending side.
For example, Node.js marks the ArrayBuffers it uses for its Buffer pool with this.
This operation cannot be undone.
import { MessageChannel, markAsUntransferable } from 'node:worker_threads';
const pooledBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(8);
const typedArray1 = new Uint8Array(pooledBuffer);
const typedArray2 = new Float64Array(pooledBuffer);
markAsUntransferable(pooledBuffer);
const { port1 } = new MessageChannel();
port1.postMessage(typedArray1, [ typedArray1.buffer ]);
// The following line prints the contents of typedArray1 -- it still owns
// its memory and has been cloned, not transferred. Without
// `markAsUntransferable()`, this would print an empty Uint8Array.
// typedArray2 is intact as well.
console.log(typedArray1);
console.log(typedArray2);
There is no equivalent to this API in browsers.
Parameters #
#object: object Return Type #
void function moveMessagePortToContext
Usage in Deno
import { moveMessagePortToContext } from "node:worker_threads";
#moveMessagePortToContext(port: MessagePort,contextifiedSandbox: Context,): MessagePort
This symbol is not supported.
Transfer a MessagePort to a different vm Context. The original port object is rendered unusable, and the returned MessagePort instance
takes its place.
The returned MessagePort is an object in the target context and
inherits from its global Object class. Objects passed to the port.onmessage() listener are also created in the
target context
and inherit from its global Object class.
However, the created MessagePort no longer inherits from EventTarget, and only
port.onmessage() can be used to receive
events using it.
Parameters #
#port: MessagePort The message port to transfer.
Return Type #
function receiveMessageOnPort
Usage in Deno
import { receiveMessageOnPort } from "node:worker_threads";
#receiveMessageOnPort(port: MessagePort): { message: any; } | undefined
This symbol is not supported.
Receive a single message from a given MessagePort. If no message is available,undefined is returned, otherwise an object with a single message property
that contains the message payload, corresponding to the oldest message in the MessagePort's queue.
import { MessageChannel, receiveMessageOnPort } from 'node:worker_threads';
const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel();
port1.postMessage({ hello: 'world' });
console.log(receiveMessageOnPort(port2));
// Prints: { message: { hello: 'world' } }
console.log(receiveMessageOnPort(port2));
// Prints: undefined
When this function is used, no 'message' event is emitted and the onmessage listener is not invoked.
Parameters #
#port: MessagePort Return Type #
{ message: any; } | undefined function setEnvironmentData
Usage in Deno
import { setEnvironmentData } from "node:worker_threads";
#setEnvironmentData(key: Serializable,value: Serializable,): voidThe worker.setEnvironmentData() API sets the content of worker.getEnvironmentData() in the current thread and all new Worker instances spawned from the current context.
Parameters #
#key: Serializable Any arbitrary, cloneable JavaScript value that can be used as a {Map} key.
#value: Serializable Any arbitrary, cloneable JavaScript value that will be cloned and passed automatically to all new Worker instances. If value is passed as undefined, any previously set value
for the key will be deleted.
Return Type #
void class BroadcastChannel
Usage in Deno
import { BroadcastChannel } from "node:worker_threads";
Instances of BroadcastChannel allow asynchronous one-to-many communication
with all other BroadcastChannel instances bound to the same channel name.
'use strict';
import {
isMainThread,
BroadcastChannel,
Worker,
} from 'node:worker_threads';
const bc = new BroadcastChannel('hello');
if (isMainThread) {
let c = 0;
bc.onmessage = (event) => {
console.log(event.data);
if (++c === 10) bc.close();
};
for (let n = 0; n < 10; n++)
new Worker(__filename);
} else {
bc.postMessage('hello from every worker');
bc.close();
}
Constructors #
#BroadcastChannel(name: string) Properties #
Methods #
#postMessage(message: unknown): void variable BroadcastChannel
BroadcastChannel class is a global reference for import { BroadcastChannel } from 'worker_threads'
https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#broadcastchannel
Type #
globalThis extends { onmessage: any; BroadcastChannel: infer T; } ? T : _BroadcastChannel interface ResourceLimits
Usage in Deno
import { type ResourceLimits } from "node:worker_threads";
Properties #
#maxYoungGenerationSizeMb: number | undefined The maximum size of a heap space for recently created objects.
#maxOldGenerationSizeMb: number | undefined The maximum size of the main heap in MB.
#codeRangeSizeMb: number | undefined The size of a pre-allocated memory range used for generated code.
#stackSizeMb: number | undefined The default maximum stack size for the thread. Small values may lead to unusable Worker instances.
interface WorkerOptions
Usage in Deno
import { type WorkerOptions } from "node:worker_threads";
Properties #
List of arguments which would be stringified and appended to
process.argv in the worker. This is mostly similar to the workerData
but the values will be available on the global process.argv as if they
were passed as CLI options to the script.
#workerData: any #resourceLimits: ResourceLimits | undefined #transferList: TransferListItem[] | undefined Additional data to send in the first worker message.
#trackUnmanagedFds: boolean | undefined interface WorkerPerformance
Usage in Deno
import { type WorkerPerformance } from "node:worker_threads";
Properties #
type alias Serializable
Usage in Deno
import { type Serializable } from "node:worker_threads";
Definition #
string
| object
| number
| boolean
| bigint type alias TransferListItem
Usage in Deno
import { type TransferListItem } from "node:worker_threads";
Definition #
variable isInternalThread
Usage in Deno
import { isInternalThread } from "node:worker_threads";
Type #
boolean variable parentPort
Usage in Deno
import { parentPort } from "node:worker_threads";
Type #
null | MessagePort